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INCREASED EQUINE WEST NILE …
Nearly 700 human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) have been confirmed in the United States thus far in 2012, according to a recent statement from the Center for Disease Control (CDC). So it should come as no surprise that many veterinarians are recommending horse owners ensure their animals are properly vaccinated against the potentially deadly mosquito-borne disease.
“The 693 cases reported thus far in 2012 is the highest number of West Nile virus disease cases reported to CDC through the second week in August since West Nile virus was first detected in the United States in 1999,” the CDC statement said. “Over 80% of the cases have been reported from six states (Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and California) and almost half of all cases have been reported from Texas.”
In 2011, 30 U.S. states reported 87 cases of equine WNV, according to the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service National Animal Health Surveillance System.
So far in 2012, according to the United States Geological Survey’s Disease Maps, 77 cases of equine WNV have been reported in the following states, as of Aug. 14: Arizona, California, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming.
Louisiana–which did not report any equine WNV cases last year–has confirmed the most cases so far this year with 21, according to statistics from the Louisiana Department of Health & Hospitals.
Clinical signs for WNV include flulike signs, where the horse seems mildly anorexic and depressed; fine and coarse muscle and skin fasciculation (twitching); hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity to touch and sound); changes in mentation (mentality), when horses look like they are daydreaming or “just not with it”; occasional somnolence (drowsiness); propulsive walking (driving or pushing forward, often without control); and “spinal” signs, including asymmetrical weakness. Some horses show asymmetrical or symmetrical ataxia. Equine mortality rate can be as high as 30-40%.
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Comparing Reloads Against Welcome Packages
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| Detail | Why It Matters |
|---|---|
| Deposit minimum | Sets the smallest qualifying amount |
| Match cap | Limits the credit regardless of deposit |
| Playthrough | Often lower than on welcome offers |
- Note which day of the week each offer runs
- Ignore offers that require a deposit larger than your budget
The purpose of a reload is to bring an account back for another deposit, which is worth remembering when one lands in your inbox. Judge it against a budget you set beforehand rather than against the offer itself, and let unsuitable promotions expire without concern.